LISTing Newsletter

February |
L.1.S.T. inc 1986

Issue Príce $1.50

MEETING NOTES - Jamsary 1966

Tue Jamusry LIST meeting was held at the Huntington Public Library at 2PM. There were 24 members in attendance, Paul n. d
reported that as ef Jemeary 12th: E $ E

LIST has had 133 members qt one tima or another - Current sambership stands at 122 - Ав of the beginning of the
meeting, mesbere are paid up ‘past February 1. (By the ond of the meeting, there were 70). = Current treasury
Balance 48 $693.84 which should be sufficient to maintais opererious at exleting levela, for the coming year.

Paul eentioned that sose exchenge user groupe have в Library: tape end have expressed ав interest in trading. Th.» was
Vell received and Martin Helfgott volemteered to write to the likely choicas,. Paul vas asked some questions about
library type vereiors,they are covered in the newsletters. я

Chuck Russell, our new president, was then installed and continued the conduct of the meeting, Nosir P. suggested that
безет computers be denced at the meeting. There were pros aod cons discuwsed and the geuerel conconeus seemed that it
would do no herm. :

Check suggested meeting themes, rather than the "fres-forcall" style of past meetings. Members requested the following:

Machine Code Programing
"Other" lanruases (Forth, PASCAL, C. LISP. LOGO есе) шт
BASIC Programing (legimers, Intermediate, advanced)
Diek drives {the 5 sonular systems)
Wardvare Breakers (eg, Interface IIL, Magic Button)
Printera (full віла)
Sound & Веер (use of the sound chip)

Р E -Artificial interligemce

А MODEMS (communications, BBS's) Y

Taterfacing (A/D & D to A cotverters, controll of extexoal devices etc.
Voice Recognition & Synthesis 475
Graphics эн

та addition to the main theme or presentation, miecellaasous items would still be brought to the members attention ar
they occur, This is particularly trua of neve itin (6.6-» Gavilan printer, cheep Modems), Next quate main chen will ber
PRINTERS 2 2 B
1f you have a printer that you'd ike to work better with your T$ preter. bring it. Sob б. has interfaced а ситет

Of printere and vill have serial and parallel interfaces available, lob wentioned thet be hes even hooked up his Silver.

Reed ЕР-500 (Daisywheel) to do graphics. Ex

Andy G. urged loce! members to make more use of cur 816 section on Zebra's BBS, (See below) The boerd 18 up өле ruming

every weekdey from 1730 hours to 0900 howrsjall day Saturdzy and Sunday.

їйл noted that Anchor о originally made sone
. 10,000 2050 boards for Timex, only about 2500 of then were ever "packaged". Westridgá communicatio was chosen by

documentation, power supply or software. Clifford is selling them for $25 poetpaid,gésrantwed. Stewart 8014 untested
boards to members, efter the meeting, for under $10.00 each. They old like hotcakes| (mime works). Ве noted гоо,
that these boares are simply lsid-ovi single vided ead am experimenters delight. Thére аге, for example, two 18138
(which can be re configured for almost аяу 1/0 address), ав 8251, on board erystal/clock etc. Mesy of these porte are
4344 io the Scott Foresman Interfacing booka (alee sold to meeting attendees = at $) each). Ме noted that a ТЕ 1000
Pover supply will rum the Modem (though most of the logic chips get thelr power from the computer Jeff Street 16
developing 64 column software for use with the 2050 Modes. Cem B. says be got 5 out.of бро? these 2050 boards working
ds just a fev minutes. -

DINDES
өз

Drive M

Bob С. demoed the Gliger disk drive interface. Не used Dligers Mother baard (required), disk drive card (about $98) end
Ma enclosed dual drive system іп am Aerco case, Bob notes that азу Shugart compatible (38 pin) drive vill work with
Olizers system.

The system 16 "primitive" in that it copies all of RAM to disk each tine jt is used. This шөлге you get 8 Files per
disk. А ons- Program takes ва much disk space as a full blown game or data baee, Bob likes this system in that, vith
loks costing Less than 75€ in bulk, it provides a cómveient atorage matbod for his needs. A heated éiscussion ou the
advantages of physical disks versus directories (trees, paths etc.) followed.

SUBSCRIFTLON NOTICE
Please check yout mailing Label. Above your last name voi
Р wili aee the абое and yesr in which you will тесе 2 LIST
se ec rae De md GROUP
oes aot agree with your records please let ue kame оо P.O, кт Ёс:

CENTERPORT, LY, 1172)-0875

ба ашак э o hne

:
;

Meeting Notes é 1
Index ы 2 p

Cumulative Index compiled : 3

by Heinz Henken 4

"Yes,Virgina"column (Joe King,Computer Living? 5

Additions to Computor Dictionery 5

Vendor Report & Bargain Corner 5

SCLD Comments,etc. by William Pedersen &

How close is the PI? &

Letters toL. z

I. 8

8. 9

T. 10

Alternate Timex Portugal Disk Dive Power Supply

by R. Gilder 11

Disk Drive Control and Interfacing Part 3 12

The Disc Controller by R. Gilder 13

Glossary of keyswitch technologies 13

Keyboard Mania 14

Part 1 15

by С.Ю. Bastiaans 16

Bank switching the Timex/Sinclair 2068 17

by William Pedersen i8

Turbo Loaders ын зэ

Turbo Loaders,cont'd 20

Hackers Notebook : 21

М.Я. Pashtoon 23

For Your Information, 22 22
Map & Mailer y —24

Meeting notes continued;

1t ia assumed that Ray Kingsley software, if ever produced, ог John’s cwn upgrades, vili address rhe needs of the
"random access" people. For nov, à singular advantage of the "block" copy method 18 the ume of the "magic button"
John O. supplies a achenatic for а sinple NMI circuit which allows you to take a "snapshot" of your computers state and
record it os diak. When reloaded, the program "hits the ground running" right where it left off. This is clearly a
must for that uncopyeble software you'd like to have on disk, Saving tine for 48K 18 4 seconds,

The Oliger system supports both 2068 and Spectrum nodes and requires no twistor, Yn found he needed a 100рІ capacitor
or pin ) of ICS for the system to work with his 'dog machine, Otherwise these were во problems. The board uses the
1770 controller chip. Jeff S. promises 0564 compatibility. Не seeds to change 2 bytes.

Printer - Gavilan

John Bell demoed his simple "centronics" Like interface and the {20 Gavilan thermal transfer printer, The Gavilaa is
а dot matrix printer and John has developed software to utilize all 220 available characters. Graphics capability is
unknown, While no direct source of replacemest ribbons has been found yet, Johm notes that Okimate 10 ribbons cam be
rewound to fit the Gavilan cartridge,

Final Notes

les Cohen requested that sore members volusteer to help generate the newletter database, Remember, if you do, you
MEM receive а year ot two's worth of exchange newsletters from another growp, to review, Contact Myles at (212)427-017
to volunteer. :
Zebra promises CP/M within e month (next meetingi?) Cost should be vader $100, Contact Zebra for details.

Sono doren senbars ordered Zebra Twiator board #1 at the meeting, Stewart promised to briag TS 1000 pover supplies to
the next mesting. We'll setl these very cheaply.

John Bell brought along a 1016 Rampack with dip ewitches installed on the case- for benk switching.
Tell Stewart what ТБ 2068 softvare or carte you want. Бе'11 sell thes at meeting for $3 or so.
NEXT MEETING

Sunday February 9th 1886, Huntington Public Library, 2PM,

E

1^ Cumüative Index Feb 88 to Deo 85

What А Character - Using the Gana Changer

P.Donnally
Getting The Led Out t
Hardware Tips

wr 8А

кау

Jun

ла

кок

Sep.

23

Notes from the Editor

Pirate Treasure 2) tapes for $2.00)

Book review The ZX 81 Pocket Book by Тоог Toss (1981),
Hardware Joystick Connections info.

Hardware review. Centronics 101 Printer (refurbished)
won to buy it

Introduction - Meeting Notes

Software Review | VOXOOMP

Hardware info Machine to Machine transfers

А Tepe Sound Conditioner

Communications Modem à Compuserve

ласы Review Report Generator Board (INER*Z)
|

Meeting Notes & Index В

Software Review"Tpensylvanian Tower

Bupplier/Supply notes, Misc,

Hardware Project: Byte Back MD-2 - Brother EP b} Interface

For Beginners only:Info on First Loader
Qmm to 2068 Basic Program conversion (Trans Тэг.)

Intro & Notes
Log оп Suggestions with Compuserve
Book Review: Timex Sinclair 2068 by Fred Blechman
7 TS 2068 Explored by Tim Hartwell
222202. 50 Programs for the Tisex Sinclair by В Valentine.
ылыый Questionare

Meeting Notes
Enlarged Character Modes 2068 by Jeff Street
A Whale of an idem - Using the 2068 in business by Н. Rait
ZX/Profile Improvement by Kevin Smith
Unploting on the 2068 by Jeff Street

„=ч o аге received
Meeting Notes
Software Review

Hardware

Word - BASIC by P. Donnelly

City of XON (ZX B1/TS 1000) 8к/л6к
Coverting 2068 to Spectrum

XMU-i Spectrum amilatgr (Doug Dewey)
Software Astronomy Progrem"precession by В. Howard

Piano 2068 у NAZIR Pashtoon
Miss. Catalogo Received
Our Policy
WI |
төгдмөгө ИЙ langes Зо дағ
2
Meeting Notes (Sept 88)
Programs TS 2068 Blackmask - by Harvey Rait (adapted)
Insano Sound - by Patrick Spara
TS 1000 Robot - by Harvey Rait (adapted)
Software Review Word Processing Spetext, Review by P. Dómselly
Tasvord/Olivetti Interfacing - R Cunningham
TIMEX А gracious Letter
Tech Manual extracts
Hardware Bus Pincute
Internal НОВ Modifications - Bob Gilder
Review of Winky 2000
ROMS V8, EPROMS
Mies. | Pot Pourri - Peeks & Рокев
Catalogs Received
Special Articles
Hot Flashes & Cool Notes
”
Keeting Notes (Oct 84)
Index

Hardware Review | HOMSWITCH by P, Donnelly

Boftware Special Header Reader by К. Pashtoon

Catalogs Received Hex-Dec Conversion

Techsical-Tipe-IS 1000

Hints & Tipe Tape Head Alignment by P. Donnelly

Fun |М, Games Horserace Фу R, Cunningham
Black Mask Revisited

Communications Comer Modems

Graphics Tablet

Hardware Special HOM MODULE by Bob Gilder

Spectrum Software by Doug Dewy

Letters

Members Only

suwu ad‏ ایو ی دد

gusa омета تدراو‎ шы ыма دوسي‎ ou run low een na]

э

gau hoi

шаргатлмлмма паза

Н

i CUMULATIVE INDEX

Dec 8% (Jan 95) Special Issue
Late Нома
Meeting Notes
Policy & Index
oo
ware Review Kempston Joysticks by P.
Programming Techniquies (Basic) "

Short & Sweet

Donnelly
Donnelly

Program 2068
Graphics
‘Technical Report

Reconcile
Screen Dumps
Open the 2-81 dJ, Peeler
Simple Output Port by В. Gilder
EPHWS on the 1000 by C Barut
1000 Pulse cleaner
ЖОК Cross Correlation Part 1 Spectrum/2068 - N Pash
Communications Corner BBL - НИ s
Software Review Supercode Toolkit by P, Donne)
Letter to LIST РАНЫ

R Cunningham

Special Pages Нұраш ~Drives>
Wuesticnaire В Mailer sheet (A nive.
Feb 85 j
Mesting Notes *

Policy, Classified - Index

Software articles by membera
Clock: 5. Livingaton
Tasman Utilities & Lister R Cunningham
Using the 781000 in Education by S.Kaye
181000 Header Reader by С. Barut

Spectrum Computing - Review by Р.

Technical Report нашэ

Power Supplica by J. Peeler
2068 Outport, part 2 by Bob Gilder
Hackera Notebook Joysticks
TS2068/Spectrum Microdrive by В, Pershy &

MDC
Seare tor by P. Donnell;
Graphics Curves = P. Bingham 5 7 4
Program Samp).

Communications AP T

Tasword 11 - Mine Revi P. Donne]

ew ty ny

Letters to LIST
Vendor Report

Special Feature ВОН Atlas Part II by N, Pashtoon
B. Mierodrive Saga Continues by N, Pashtoon

Mar 85
Meeting Notes
Policy, Classified, Index
Resistor Program Бу R. Howard
Te» Tape Recorders by M. Haucoveldt
Info Sources
Book Review "Powerful Projects"
Grephice Showcane

Communications — MTerm

Letters- Changing Times by 5. Kaye

Letters to LIST

Buy it - Sell it

Hardware Review АЫ) Microdrive by P. McConaghey/D, durri,
Technical Review Spectrun/USA by Bob Gilder

Spectrum Emulation Chart

Keyboard Conversion by С. Ви

ЖОМ Cross Referencing (Continued) by M. Pashtoon

Меккеге Only
Apr 85
Meeting Notes
Inéex/Classified/Policy
System Review Zebra Graphics Tablet by P. Donnelly
co P.
SESE MM
“Bold Print" D, Scoville ФР. Donnelly
Communications TBBS Protocols
Buyers Guides Microdrives Compatiblàm
Vendors Catalogs
D. Lipinskis List
Letters

Getting on the BUGS by Т.В. Russel

Technical Report Cooling your TS/ZK - В. Gilder
ROM Atlas - N. Pashtoon

Mailer on Micro drives

Library Sampler (may or may not be published)

LIST Group

asig tanana ғана

CUMULATIVE INDEX

Way 85 (june 85)

Meeting loten/Index/Clasnifíod
Graphics Line Drow - P.

Communteations ап line Notes - Sincus

2X Forua
Bulletin Boards - Computer shopper
Supplier Noten
Lettera

Tape Worry H's - Bob Gilder/¥ Nachbaur/J. Seth (Tul)
Printout “Printer Tip - 8, Kaye
Repeat Tasword - Bob Gilder
Hardware Compatability Chart - P. Donnelly
Interface Zero Plans ~ М. Przosodi - J. Uliger
Mardvare Projects = RGB Interfacing the - Sinclatr
55 2068/хөага/ТВИ = Hackers Journal

Bank Switching 2068/151000 - M. Pashtoon

за

Meeting Notes & BBS notice
Index - Classified
шылым (Voice aynthesizere)

ен
Super Parrot Program

Book Review НО Bent MO Rowtines by Pa Jennings
Letters to LIST

М. Braozowski оп Hardware
Hackers Notebook If Zero on an Oliger Board
Communications Locals Бө

Poltey

Frogrems 014 Glory = Н. Pulliam
Dictionary = P. Donnelly

Vendor News (Catalogs Heceived)

Eadex, Errata, Hewa

Hosting Notes June Meeting
Hardware Group

Hardware к Bk

Tupe series Part 1 0. Bast!

betters to LIST

User Groups еке Mewsletter exchange

бер 85

Index, Softaid

wwitehing 2068 = Pashtoon/Donmell
nans

2,6
x
7
15-17

Message 2
Hardware Quickies liger Boards as Speotr/Emulatore - 0. Bastiaans 3
3

Iuproving the Emulator = EMU - C, Bastians

Feature Article: More on Tape Cassettes - 0, Bastiaens С

Word Processing Getting 6h Columns — P. Domnellj/d. Kealy
TÉ 1000 prgn ~ D, Fulmer/M, Kelfgott

Letters
Vendor Report
Policy
Mine
Index
Meeting Noten
Communications Corner Poor mans modes
BES Listing
More from 2050 Modem
Heckere Notebook ВБ 232 Between

List in Print EX Computing
‘TS 1900 Data Acquisition Systes = J, Walker
Quickies

Godebusters Stopping Hackers in their tracks - P. Donnelly
Product info/ Policy

OO LTAT о бюсор

Зара gee seen a

Vendor жа»

Heating Notes
ex % Avagadro's Number by Myles Cohen
Library Tapes Update & Master Index News
ape alog ti-Tape' Bob.
Disc Drive Control кыы aá
& Interfacing Pt.2
n Bilder

by R.
Handy Keyword & Function Table- C.R. Bastiaans
Letters

урэ»
Тав.11 with Tas i/f & Brc.EP44- Bob Howard
Vendor Reports & Bargain Corner
Birthday Program
Hackers Notebook- Improve Sears Monitor

Mafadrive,RB-232,& Zero» 625C
Gavilan Printer Interfaces мик

NM. Pashtoon

АБ чай» буг Nr on 752048 +N. ashton

Map & Mailer

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have inctude

the bana,
x iH
"ET NUMER on wha
DE ter Bese" m ү. BS
ERROR ENOM ая к
Eus 4 Би rages fotu,
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[e 405867 156257 ERROR «208022417962 1 uld win at TIC-fa-
BR. 20 Dever co n at TOE. We will be publi, much of material in
ТО 42; ERROR“; ERRO 201/54 ERROR s- 00096768347 the coming Matko. 186 daprsesei Py watt I ate, and уг cam be pur that Jour
ығ о nul e8074 perio comente on the SCLD and 1185488 will stir up quite a bir of interest. (Most
2050 IF 267705 ЕАРОР=-, 90041618591 techies feel the interzal SCID is only 1/2 of the system).

3055 IP E

311/99
заве LET HUNER 598/115
3068 80 TO 1616
SPECIAL NOTE Й
This month we will begin publishing W.T, Pedersens comments on 15 2068 Bank Switching. :
Bill has an enthusiastic approach to this issue, which we're sure you'll find interest-
dg. We hope his theories can be realized in hardware, without the need for too many .

components. How about some comments from you hardware hackers out there!

ab : ote

Centerport, X.Y. 11721

Members of our user group, sad others
interfaced your ЕР-44 to a member
some of the implementations ага attached.
information to anyone who asks.

Please feel free to provide this

As ommers of the ЕР-44, I think we cam all say that we are very pleased with
the ЕР-4416 abilities a¢ a typewriter, mini word processor, and computer
Printer, There are some technical questions, however, which we would like to
resolve, They are:

1) Is it possible for the ЕР-44 to recieve at
Ом the RS 232 port) sad и
modify the codes of some

it cam be developed, ond would be
өв your herdvare requiremeats.
modifications to achieve this езі.

from am outaide source (6.8,

3
H

I
&

are the addresses of che codes. Better yet,
amd accessed from tera (see next question).

3) Can the CPP {а the EP-44 be accessed? ой, what type of microprocessor is
itt

The information requested above, 54 svailable,would help оз to dramatically im-
prove tbe already outstanding features of the EP-44. Рог example, with these
Spaca, we fael that graphics could be generated, that the ЕР-45 would provide a
ФЕ editable print buffer, new character sets could be redefined and finally, if
control of the СРУ can be gained if, the secessary MC software for driving а
modem could ba built into,say,] or Ж ef the NVRAM.

HEE

5

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|

BEI vith power supply corte and талаа p
‚== Ae И er ety

бн Кота вобше

(2) 185 гав соёлт

Aeserted xerox copter of өовайгиойцөв articles

твепеейей eybnaré (Janeen IMS)

Md

James Ed

Please give this requisst your serious consideration and thank you for your help.

BROTHER ELECTRONIC

Yours very trely,

[i

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ae RESEARCH H
т

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Falk and ome vex ізге әді (8, T алаар ны Р بای‎ ^
зална, 3" disks {шек}, Ый 3 Lose dik nekl antl А
ene эл diks de, The present ge iem {ыы a +
М

be med ee‏ ا pole Da ane Rat Шал Зан ман‏ "عسو مايوه

ма Res = od gresk, bat эй mill lange whan буу Ері galr
ма DAE (ge — tron ре | ii
The rhe is op de 2 tal Gide абе йыб, Ты ЫЛ gu for,

44 sans cabl, Lge ко Амбий, Bo фаб, so мой э бар bec

ab ыу + ot یل‎ boak اسالا‎ Жал is اکت‎ Да and (км

eos uvat
the Tasman terial
werd processor set the modes as fol lows:

IVPEWRITER EP АА SPECIAL СНАВАСГРЫ

із Тыр ur 123 | ds ach or tau
ім тсы ur Kas H a
125 ^ ES)
ыз А iss
129 к иь
130 ж 15%
Li 1%»
° 147
e 148
ò 149
a 155
[] 51
5 142
о 154
в 154
4
+
3
4
$ .
»
n
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2
4
% (а Poh or 255

“ud omitted after decimal for сігісу»
above Liat shuws the decima) and hex codex lor the special
de ia the Mobi) mede. To име іне ЕР As with

Әм егкесе umi access

these with TASMORD 11

pun te арал of BARC endende pat ib tarir by intercaphay RST ORK Виз! Rate 110, Bi! Length B, Parity N, New Line СВЕ. Code
وا‎ pon ы T uec لاعس‎ do noe tte дм, Х4 nd ее hh Sit, Ek Y (in some cases Ek set tu N may he better so try

үнэн de Ha мөнийг, BE вт!

IN ORDER FOR THE SPECIAL CHARACTERS TO PRINT "CODE" MUST

Hsing the Tanwar Maia Мени зегесі "detine graphics printer ш"
ЭР" е 5 ven сан азм We Mo шие аз e acter
E > keys 1 tu S shifiel and unshiFted. This can saved w
Tasword 11 for future wwe. The form or entering im

і еріс charactwi which you select from lial displayed
it goes to vultum First enter 2

Bue нерест

Tamwurd tuble с

+ then ЕНТЬН, nen decima

vt
table above for the special sign or character shown, then ENTER.

the

exit key churmctes to modify. You can aer
нде $o it із easter dune than explained,

Dob JKWAKD. МАНИ

Dear fellow T/5 sers,

Way bt z Little faster i
ay seeas te be the eae НЕ Ы

T presentis oan a Т,
t iti
M MEM Wat it is a

-
Sen I beard theta dis drive is
37 жін that made we wore excited

I know there ace other interfaces en the "T uud Some

Inctostd you will
СӨМГӨЄГ bó Which houses
Shack w&plifier, a GH to BET Converter

5с жіне ЛЫ which at this time are wt A ER

ЦОЛ picture of shat I
Ni the power SUPPLIES, гд
3" Hitachi

The tue drives are the reason For this Letter as I have 22

de think they are Sagart compatable as hes tone est
ын t В aL
back Side is a 28 eair pin connector, We senate ms

Wt the present Т ak the Librarian АЗЫ 2
Couputer сир (ко еа е Н rrj
Large 81 this tise haning abest 35 tubers but growing ам with

Фаг Sig i

mich to offer.

Rich Norris

Я Few ef our members әңгір included are ін
1 4 i terested
майы эрме in The sem» has one ûf has же а
імеесіей te a 2080, ins input aili be гелін appriciated.

Hope té bear Fron you soob
1 remain yours truly

I think you'll find an enswer right bere in Letters to LIST.

Your circuit is printed in this issue.
I think it's John Oligers and may be public domain.
put out by Tob Bent of Syncware News?

ич) M 2
23

Р.О.
Centerport, NY 11721-0438

Dear L.I.8.T.er**

Holiday Greetings from the heart of the freezing Midwest!

I’ve just realized that it's been whole year since I’ve
become à hember...and consequently it’s been a whole year since
you've heard from mel I’ve been meaning to drop you а lime оғ
iuo since then (after all, I hear from you once a month...) when
BLAMMO...a whole year goes by! Gosh, am I havin fun, or whai
In any event, you were bound to hear from me sooner or later, if
Only to tell you 1’m renewing my membersh

Well, i'm renewing ву membership (wwe previous note r ing
enclosed check), and 1 gotta say that you guys are doing а groxt
job! 1 raise a glase of holiday cheer to the last twelve months
and look forward to the next twelve. I only wish your meetin:
were a little closer to my house во 1 can join in and help out,
As a matter of fact, 1711 be in the New York area the week of

Christmas (visiting the In-laws in Port Chester), it^ bad
you're not having a meeting, Г could stop in and at least shake
your hand.

1211 tell you what I will do when I’m іп the arma, though
Library Tape 93.5 just left my house a coupla days ago. в
making two more stops before it comes back your мау. Whan it
showed up here I was pleasantly Surprised and sommwhat

unprepared. I’ve been working on two programs that I want to
donate to tne library, but one's not quite finished and the
other has a persistent bug in it. Rather than holding up the
Жара, I sent it on without my programs, Ву the time I get to
Port Chester, 1711 have the one debugged and on cassette
(hopefully 1711 have both). 1711 беор it in the mail to ya when
I get there,

Just one other thing before I close. 1 just recently got a
of a great keyboard that’s big end has lots of keys (ite
got a case big enough to drown two TB1000's іп...2. 17» really
ooking forward to turning it into a “BUPER 1000" with the
extras, but since I’m a software kinda guy I need a little help.
Could you point me in the direction cf a good article on how to
put together what it takes to wire up extra keys for shifted
functions such as cursor arrows, DELETE, GRAPHICS, EDIT, and the
like? The keyboard’s got a cursor pad that I'd really like to
implement. I'm also interested in implementing a REPEATing key

hot

34 1 could find а circuit for it. I'd really appreciate your
help, i4 you could.
Well, time to close for now. You'll definitely be hearing

again from me soon, though, so until then...

SEASON’ Б GREETINGS!
Mike Leidel

415 Greenwood
Muscatine, IA 52761

I'L] see what we can do about that article.
Do you know about the modificati

ей iiie АУ ты “.
И P December 23. 1985
онд 01 iyar со
11603 Wirfdbey Drive
Cumberland. IN 46229

Bear John.
HOORAY! Your A and B boards for the JLO Disk 1/0 arrived on
December 19 in West Covina, which made my Chrisimas!

Now would you believe your kit-prototype system beat out all the
commercial units 1 had ordered in arríving. so it.was the first
to allow me to try my 3-inch AMDEK system.

First 1 had ordered at least 4 months ago..

^ Timex-Portugal system less drives from Xxx .
^ Kempston (English) Disk from Chara in Sweden

When nothing was received from ххх. except an Interface 111. f
called and was informed that he was having trouble with
Timex-Portugal and was dropping the line in favor of . the
Kempston. So І said change my order to а Kempston plus ЕМЬ-4
edge adaptor and a ROM Switch ".since ХХХ . , said Kempston
didn't work with EMU-OMNI or other cartridge port ROMs. (1 was
able to cancel my order. just before receiving your 1/0.. 1
think .. was aced out by Zebra on the Timex-Portugal stuff.)

So І һау still get a Kempston from Sweden..however XX |, last

‘week when 1 cancelled my order, said Kempston had changed the
design ‘perhaps to match Spectrum Plus or 128) and he had to
return the last two received as they were putting gargagc on the
screen. So only "old" Kempstons work! (This FYI only to yout)

Your system so good AMDEK 111 worked with its cable out-of-the
box, no settings changed! The JLO SAFE SYSTEM tops because

1. No edge adapter needed ах with foreign systems.
2. Transparent as to whether Spectrum or 2068 mode.
2 3. Super easy two key-strokes to program in the
well known Sinclair tradition...NO IBMese to
‘operate drive.
< 4. Approx. 50K save with machine parameters intact
г and files embedded ideal for Profile 2068 ач don't
` R have to load program and file.
t 5. Directory and 4 files per side wastfu! for short
Program but convenience far outways this and vou
` know that even а full Spectrum program wil! rit.

1 have al) the parts to build my NM] but can't find a place
“ёточаа” Here that has HC or НСТ chips. Enclosed is $2 could vou
send me a ТАНС7А ог 74HCT7AD. 1 may build а lucite box around
the interface and put the button оп a hinged lid. Too pretty to
hide Itke old mc Intosh Amplifiers with the exposed tubes

Editors note: the name of the other "ire |

Dear List

Sirs or P. Donnelly:

1 wish Andy Gippetti would write soon more on
putting TaswordII on disk drive program because
you people who are technically-trained don't
realize that just hobbyist ~ TSusers are
oriented to the cassette programs that load 18
а lump, save in a lump, and have not that direc«
tory capability of "need some more info, back

to the disk and whomp ~ here it 1$". With
Aerco, Oliger, and the Portugese DD's all coming
at us. (Mine from EMC (Portuguese) arrived day
before yesterday, you can't publish соо much |
for those of us who are going to think "trees"y
"pathnames:, etc. or even "pages" like Aerco's
nos. 5

Thanks
1. Kealy

Well, andy or John G? can you help?

time tar renewal again, | I've been meaning ta

vendo: reques 7 1 guess it's
rm im eS ыы weite for quite а while now but have been putting it off. — 1 have

several items to pe
Enclosed is а

ss on to other members. |
circuit that 1 use that allows two løk tiam

Hong Ts Land Sinclair Timex боор хоолло үл Lo нЕ

ramtop.
in a third rampak i

1 have ә modif

Back parallel pri

require's the

I/F is as

Thanks Don

MORE: \ Bob Howard - WA&DLI

Load (9/0"") Produced а directory, 2 key #'в for a file and it's loaded,
Please pass this ínfo on the Heinz H.

TASMAN 1/0 works оп JLO IF also

The NMI will function like Interface III (Breaks into programs so you can make disk

backups)

Library I would like to get a copy of the article
deceding- 14 there is a

The printer routines have been

EPROM in it’s place.

Soldered in. After installation,
шаву as typing LPRINT,COPY,or LLIST. ӨО columns 18.

éupported. 1 have permission from TIMEX to
EPROM n. The EPROM and documentation ів available for $20.00

14 you have SOSI in the
dealing with ram
for thet please let me know.

ng system on EPROM for the T/B 1000
ewritten to accommodate the Byte

nter dnteesace. All original routine entry
work along

n the 48 to 64K area.

J oper

r tine
cinta have been maintained.” the new printer roui
the same lines ow the universal printer driver software in that it
Sunpores the three LPRINT modes COPY and LIBI, Installation

removal of the вк PROM and plugging in а 2764 ВК

Sone T/S 100076 have the original PROM
pranting through the PYTE-BACK

Produce upto 100

жаг
Don Ва:
za

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Follow 2068 users December 14, 1905 pt

А Че һеге at GINQUS-the Sinclair Computer Users Society, а small upstate

New York user group have a program ме wish to share with you-CLONE. Ме are а

not for profit organization, and like many such groups find ourselves trying

to keep from running in the red, With the wale of CLONE, or rather the right to

sell CLONE we hope to raise a littie green and give other groups the

chance to make a little cash. We are making two offers, and should either CLONE", by Wes

be accepted, the other vill be withdrawn. The product is to be marketted under the name “CLONE, by Hel m
Brzorovski, SINCUS, РОВ 36 Johnson City, NY 13780. The program ie copyrighta

er and gINCUG holds all rights. The title page will be modified to carry

The first is club site rights- a club pays us $50 for the m

documentation and can make 50 copies at whatever price it wishes to вер Pengor's name and address.
them at. After the first SO are soid, then ме ask $.48 per sale. The club may ting rights, the offer for site
Sell to any of its members or guests at its meetings., As many club site 1f anyone buys the nationes distrib Ой бар buys the site rights the
rights will be sold as applied for. rights will be immediately withdrawn, If amy 9

hetional rights offer vill be withdrawn.

Second, the national distributing rights, a group or individual pays us

ere this venture, send à check for the

$250 for the national (US and Canada) rights; and 8.42 for each sale. Only one Te protect your possible inter ter cus". Send a prone number. name and
national right vii! be sold. Counter offers vili be entertained. amount indicated above, wade out to кектен interextes partirs on

рона EE ar person to e стар. MAN PO et ДИ eet ath

5 | the interested party, to clarify what the program vil! do or won

A product of the fertile mind of our one and oniy Wes Brzozowski а the "rights" vork.
wizard recognized by other wizards in the 2068 worid, CLONE wil! copy almost ~ ия to get "legal! in this
any program you сап run on your TB2068, so you can make back up copies of any We hope to hear from you soon, ме are not trying to 60 a can expect.
of your programs. but ve are trying to spell out wiat we are seilingr

about Spec We want satisfied customers, both buyers of rights and their ЭН Он panes
ouch with me ores: most any ev
oa Mao pea are on the line. You cen get in touch with наа at te

numbers listed, Ме hope that this progr RII IT interested write or call SON,
CLONE will work woth а 152068 vith a Spectrum ROM installed, a Spectrum data om their expensive commercial programs, If interes
emulator, provided the second ROM, the EXROM has not been removed.

2 m
Is that ail, copy programs? Cee [

It has a HEADER READER feature, so if you vant to save to disc or micro- Faul Mill, Secretary, SINCUS

drive you can see hou the program is laid out. It copies in BLOCK COPY, if you CALL for business intormation~ м жара
have one tape recorder, you can save most programs in this manner. However ЕР, --Wes Brzozowski, SINCUS
with tuo recorders you сам use LAST RESORT and copy almost any Spectrum CALL for technical information КО ыза.

soltvare. A feature calibrates the program timing by reading a saal! sample
and figuring how vide the pulses need to be extended.
ET TUA A Ou OR write either at—-SINCUS
кор 36
Documentation ready? P city, NY-13790

Yes, four pages-but quite user friendly with menus on most screens.

Basicaliy we have the program, that could ғ sticaliy seli for $20,
you have the membership, and the tools to produc rogram with little
investment and with time on the part of a couple members, your club could have
a substantial jmresmr in the cash flow department. We sold tria! pieces at
$5.00, and acid IO at the first meeting. These are the only sales of this fine <
program. After January 15, 1986) SINCUS will market CLONE to its corresponding
mower These sales "road tested" CLONE for 5 months, and Wes saw the bugs
crop up and one by one vere shot down. It 18 ready and works great!

lN.MQ (АЗЕ ARE МЄ CUNDONING the illegal copying of software WITH THIS PRODUCT,

Iry

DISK DRIVE CONTROL AND INTERFACING (Part 3)
THE DISK CONTROLLER

Now that the details of the disk’s own electronics and the
intricacies of soft sectoring have been explained (Parts 1 & 25,
you should be able to see what is left for the disk controller
to do. Most controllers on the market today are designed around
а single chip (IC) - either the 8271 or one of the series of
Western Digital 179X controllers. If you need to know how one of
these chips work, then there is no substitute for a data sheet,
however here is a short explanation of the 1791/2 operation.

А typical circuit can be seen in the diagram below:

DISK

rps | ue | эне

У" = мнЕ
E” zamn
FE = зан.

O = doutes

WRITE LATE

fae 1 e40
unum foto 1791/2 Disk CovTRoucER LF

From the software point of view the controller looks like a
number of registers — command, status, track, sector and data to
be precise. The command register and the status register аге
used by the computer ta give the disk controller its
instructions and to find out how they are progressing. The track
and sector registers are used to hold the disk address of the
sector that an instruction refers to and the data register is
used to send or receive data from the disk drive.

Given a disk that is already formatted, the needed
operation to write some data to a sector is straightforward. If
the track register contains the number of the track that the
head is currently assumed to be over, then the number of the
track required is stored in the data register and a SEEK command
code is stored in the command register. A SEEK command causes
the disk controller to set the stepping direction and to output
stepping pulses until the track register contains the same
number as the data register. If any point during disk operation
that the track register is found not to contain the track number
then an error is reported and usually the software will issue a
RESTORE command to step the head out until the track zero (T08)
„switch is activated. This action moves the head to track zero so
that the track register can be cleared (sometimes referred to as
calibration,

ALTERNATE TIMEX PORTUGAL DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY

As promised at the November meeting, is the schematic for an
isolated + 5 volt controller source from the ASTEC AC 8151-01
switching power supply. Note that the 5 volt regulator should be
installed on a heat sink as it must dissipate a minimum of 7
volts from the +12 volt leg of the switching power supply.

If the power supply is used in close proximity with the
controller and disk drives, then it should be enclosed іп а
métal case to prevent unwanted interference due to the switching
component within the power supply.

The ASTEC switcher can handle 3 five and one quarter (5 1/4)
inch disk drives with ease. The added 5 volt regulator for the
controller will reduce the drive capability to two drives апа
operate continuously without any chance of overheating.

If you have a spare electrolytic capacitor around; any value
from 18 - 168 mf at 25 volts; you can add it between the +12
volt pin on SK2 and the common pin of the same connector. The
controller supply will operate fine with or without the
capacitor.

yocp MATERIALS

ЖУ фу ду
ASTEC SW.
7885 REG.
HEAT SINK
DD CONN.
METAL CASE

D
!
1
'
р
П

ASTEC AC Elsi-g1
: se [n

ЗЕ м Siw Ten а- oie [BED

еже Suppl |
| кс 7 “ы
it | v

> Ground
Го CONTROLLER

5 VOLT DC CONTROLLER SOURCE ADDITION TO THE ASTEC SWITCHER P/S

eO Bob Gilder

Februa
1986 ry 1.1.5.Т.іне

И

Once the head is positioned over the desired track, the
sector register is loaded with the desired sector and a READ
SECTOR command is issued. This causes the disk controller to
read the ID fields as they pass under the head until one of the
correct track and sector number is located. The data їп the
corresponding data field is read in. If an ID field with the
right track and sector is not found within опе revolution, ап
error is reported and the disk software usually issues a RESTORE
command and tries a few times before giving up and reporting а
disk error to the user. Writing a sector follows the same stages
of head positioning and of reading ID fields to find the correct
sector only; instead of reading the data in, the new data is
written out to the data field.

The only remaining problem is how а disk ever gets
formatted in the first place. The ID fields cannot be written
using a WRITE SECTOR command because this only changes data їп
the data field. The answer is that the- 1791/2 and most other
controller chips include a READ TRACK and a WRITE TRACK command.
Both of these commands ignore the sector structure о# a track
and simply take the index pulse as a marker for the start of a
track which is either read or written in its entirety. To format
а disk, the formatter simply writes the track pattern described
earlier onto each track in turn using the URITE TRACK command.

WORKING UPWARDS

We have come a long way since this series of articles first
appeared in LIST, but there is still some way to go before the
level of disK and program files is reached. So far, all that the
disk drive and the disk controller can do for us is store and
recall chunks of data in the form of sectors. The final stage in
making the floppy disk useful is converting this collection of
sectors into named files. This is where hardware and electronics
gives way to software - the DOS or DISK OPERATING SYSTEM.

If time is on my side and positive response from the past
DDC&I articles is forthcomming, I will then continue the series
with an explanation of the disk drive hardware and attempt to
outline the DOS structure. Please advise your LIST editor.

ie O5 Bob Gilder

A glossary of 2223 [123
keyswitch technologies Pressing а key toggles on a solid-state А permanent magnet built into the switch
‘switch in the presence of a plunger moves into close proximity with
ЧИ Electremechenlcal: magnetic field. The switch | the reed, which reacts by flexing and
Two moving metal contacts touch one эп IC containing a Hall gen- | Ореліл the contact.
another іп а butting action, producing ‘erator in addition to a trigger cult and tal Membrane:
the keyswitch actuation. amplifier. A conductive switch patiern containing
WiFerlle-cors: silver contacts is screened onto two flex-
Capacitive: Key actuation causes a single-tum trans- ible Mylar sheets, both sandwiching а
А hinged foam pad or metal plate moves. former to couple a scanning pulse to a spacer layer. Actuating the keyswitch
toward a plate оп a pe-boerd substrate, |“ sensing wire. A plunger magnet заш causes the upper membrane layer to
generating a change in capacitance and rates the switen's ferrite core im the off — press downward and make contact with
the subsequent key position to inhibit coupting. the lewer layer.

LIST Group

EAGOHOOROOHOODOODOODOOOOODEODODEECOOOOOOOOEEEOCOOOEOOCOODOODOEECOEODEOOOEEEOOEOEEEEEEOEEGEE
KEYBOARD MANIA — Fart 1

OOOODOODOODOODOOOOOCOOEEEEECOEOEEEEEEOEEECEOEOEOOOOEOEOOEOEEOEOEEEEG EO OE GE OE GG EE EE E E
By Cedric R. Bastiaans Page А

1, INTRODUCTION

Sir Clive, the man who brought powerful, but affordable computers to the masses (and
still does, in mainland China for instance), appears not to Бе too pre-occupied with
keyboards. Both the 2X80 and the 81 sported so-called membrane keyboards. Granted,
they are inexpensive and quite reliable, but they really have no business being on
a computer. They are user- UNfriendly and only belong an appliances, where the
"keys" get activated only once in a while (blenders, toaster ovens and the like).
Membrane keyswitch assemblies are still around, but they have come a long way, now
with full travel actuating keys. It is the membrane keyboard, which is directly
activated by human fingers, that I despise. The Commodore 64 would not have enjoyed
its immense worldwide popularity, if Jack Tramiel would have given it a membrane KB
like the 1Х81 (оғ 751000),

Anyway, I think that a real, full travel keyboard (KB) is a must for any computer!
1% was one of the first things I did, back in 1981: put a professional KB оп му
1Х81. 1 still have it; it has 10 dedicated keys, i.e. keys that effect functions
that would otherwise require the actuation of two keys simultaneously.

I know that many amongst you think that the TS2068 KB (which is not а membrane
keyboard, but is not a full travel type either), is heaven compared to the KB on the
2X оғ 181000, It is without a doubt a great improvement, but it still is a very
inadequate KB for computers, certainly if the machine is used for word processing.
Should I remind you of the so-called space bar with its annoying problems af

sticking and multiple spaces or not working at all unless you hit it dead center? I: ^

.you have never worked with a real KB, you just don't know how pleasurable keying оп
а full travel KB із. Even the QL, with its membrane KB activated by wobbly rubber
blocks is far from meeting the criteria of а pro KB.

1 have improved a couple of computers with pro keyboards and would like to share
¿with you а couple of circuits I have used for dedicated keys, give some pointers on
KB’s in general and suggestions on improved keytops, all for the 152068. ^

11. CHOICE OF KEYBOARD

The KB should be of the mechanical switch type, with full travel keys and positive
action. There are many surplus or reject KB's available from a variety of sources.
Make certain that you get one with straight electrical contacts, so-called
single-pole,single-throw (SPST) types. There are KB's that use exotic ways of
"making contact", such as the ones using capacitive or Hall-effect "switches". Not
only are these expensive, but they are also very difficult to adapt to our needs,
Also, don't buy so-called ASCII-encoded KB’s; the electronic circuitry on it is not
needed and therefore wasted. Sometimes though, they can be had real cheap; just make
sure that the keys are SPST mechanical switches and discard the electronics.

And beware of membrane KB's (even though they might be of the full travel type),
because their matrix is practically always part of the flexible membrane printed
circuit. Since it can not be expected that the matrix of a keyboard, not originally
built for a TS computer, would be identical to the matrix we need, you should expect
having to modify the printed circuit board (РСВ) of the KB you acquire. This entails
cutting copper traces and making new wire connections. And that is something
impossible to do with the membrane circuit.

As ! am writing this (Dec.15'85), Radio Shack has a special purchase item 277-1020,
à 75-Кеу KB selling for $é. It is a membrane type with very good and light-touch,
full travel, beautifully sculptured keys. It has however, an incoapatible matrix and
it can not be easily modified. A real pity...

As far as the tactile "feel" of the KB keys goes, that is a matter of personal
taste, but maybe I can give you some guidance. Üne of the very best KB "feels" can
be experienced with the KB of the Canon Typest#r 5 electronic typewriter.

144

Page B
“You could therefore enter a store which carries them and try опе out. Who knows?
Maybe you will even buy one! (I think it's a fabulous typewriter). 4

But since you are a member of that masochistic lot, also known as Sinclair computer

addicts, and have endured pain with chintzy KB's for heaven knows how long, you

probably would да "дада" about any full travel.KB!

A good source for surplus keyboards із Jameco Electronics, 1255 Shoreway Road,

Belmont СА 94002; their item КВ54, а 54-key KB sells for $10.

Another one is ITC, 9119 De Soto Avenue, Chatsworth СА 91311, but they have no

catalog and do not accept mail orders.

III. KEYBOARD MATRIX

In the foregoing, the word "matrix" has been used several times and therefore
requires explanation, in case you don't already know. The 152088 has 42 keys, but 2
of them are in duplicate and wired in parallel, CAPS SHIFT and BREAK (or SPACE), зо
that a matrix of three groups of lines, one with 5 and two of 4 lines each, can be
and is indeed used to enter the 40 (=5x2x4) principal key functions.

This matrix is shown in Figure 1.

Each block depicts a key and is marked е principal character on that key.
Whenever a key is pressed, the two lines intersecting at the corresponding block
become electrically connected. If you would press key "5", lines А1! and KBD4 will
connect, whereas pressing "5" joins lines А12 and KBD4. This matrix will be helpful
in modifying the printed matrix of any suitable surplus KB you might purchase.
Incidentally, the matrix for the ZX81/T81000 is almost identical to the matrix shown
іп Fig.1; the only difference is that a "period (.)" key is in place of the Symbol
Shift key, and the line numbering. is different.

Since we deal with logic circuits and extremely low electrical currents, the key
contact need not have the low resistance normally encountered іп mechanical
switches. А contact resistance of several hundreds of ohms will still generate the
desired function and under certain conditions will even be beneficial, as we will
see later.

The lines connect to the 14-ріп KB Interface Connector 19, which is on the main РСВ
inside the computer. This connector has .100" pin spacing and normally mates with
the flex cable of the original 752058 KB, but the surplus KB can easily be connected
with a flat cable and a connector made of headers for socket connectors, which come
in strips of 3ó-pin size, notched for easy breaking to desired length. If you wish,
you can of course unsolder and discard connector 99 altogether and solder а flat
cable, much like an umbilical cord of the KB, directly to the computer's РСВ.

The connector pinout is also shown in Fig.1; #0 is ground, the remaining 13 (=5+4+4)
pins are the KBD and А lines and these pin numbers are alsa shown in parentheses
near the line identifications of the matrix,

"

Page C ^

The illustration also shows how the two terminals of each key-switch should be
connected to the lines. |

To facilitate the choice of conmections and circuits for dedicated keys, and also
the check-out of matrix wiring after it has been modified, the table of Fig.2 has
been composed. It shows for each principal character and function, the required
connections, which are indicated as groups of pin-out numbers of J9.

Thus, if for instance the Symbol Shift key is pressed, pins (or lines) 2 and 13
should show an electrical connection, which opens up again when the key is
released

A 1+8 F 4+8 К 3412] P 1410 | U 4401 Z 2411 (5 5+6 0 149

В 541455 5+8 і 2412 | 0 1+7 асын 1 1+6 8 549 |55 243
C 44101 | Н 54312 | M SHS | R 4+7 W 2+7 2 2% 7 4% |C8 1311
D 348 1 зморм 4415 8 2+8 X Bll, 3 Be 8 369 |Р 1*3
E 3+7 J 4412 0 2410 į T 5+7 Y 5+10 | 4 4+6 9 2+9 ЧЕМ 1412

Note: SS = Symbol Shift; CS = Cap Shift; SP = Space Ваг; EN = ENTER

IV. DEDICATED KEYS

The question of which functions or symbols ta put on dedicated keys is largely
dependent on the number of extra keys available. Secondarily, ій is а matter of
personal taste; I have read a number of articles about keyboards with some simple
dedicated keys and was always rather puzzled as to why the writers of those articles
chose the functions and symbols as they did. You should really ponder this matter
very seriously, but of course the more extra keys the KB has, the easier the choice
is going to be. Determine which functions and symbals are used the most; they are
obvious first contenders. Do keep the two Caps Shift keys, one on either side of the
bottom row. I also suggest ta have two Symbol Shift keys, one next ta each CS key.

: DELETE would be my first choice for a dedicated key, then function GRAPHICS, the
period (.), the comma, the colon, semi-colon, the 4 arithmetic functions with the
zsign, the ?, the !, both parentheses, the quotation mark, the $-sign and the
Extended Mode function.

‚ The table of figure 3 shows suggested functions and symbols, together with the
required KBD and А line junctions, again expressed in terms of the J? pin numbers.
Because they require the simultaneous actuation of either the SS or the CS keys, the
required junctions each show TWO groups of connections, the first one of which is
for either of these shift functions.

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Note: ED = EDIT; CL = CAPS LOCK; GR = GRAPHIC

DE = DELETE; EM = EXTENDED MODE

The table shows for instance that in order to create the $-symbol, pins’ 2 and 13
should be connected (Symbol Shift), as well as at the same time pins 4 алі & (the
"A"-key). Another example is the semicolon; this character requires that рїп 2 is
again to be connected to pin 13 (55), but ALSO to pin 10 (the “O"-key).

Still another example is the multiplication or asterisk symbol #; it requires that
pin 2 should connect to pin 12, which in turn should also connect to pin 5
("B"-key).

With the help of the table Fig.2 you can of course determine the junction
combinations necessary for any symbol or function not shown in the table Fig.3.

In the next installment of this article series we will discuss exactly how to effect

all these connections.
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TURBO LOADERS

Perhaps one of the best ways to cicumvent the ease with
which a hacker can BREAK into your programs, is the use of the
so-called "turbo" or "hyper" loader. Turbo loaders are machine
code routines which change the way in which your computer reads
tapes. Most are simply modified versions of the LOAD routine
from ROM(or EXROM) with the speed parameters changed. If you
have some of the newer Spectrum software, you may already have
seen a tubo-loading program.

Turbo-load programs begin with a short BASIC loader, as
usual. However, the difference between this mode and normal
LOADing then becomes immediately apparent. Instead of the
normal loading of a SCREENS file, either a short bytes «file
containing the turbo load routine or, if that routine has been
hidden in the BASIC variables, the first section of the program
will load. You will probably note that the border patterns
associated with this load are different than the normal one. If
for example, the normal Sinclair routine was simply speeded up,

the yellow and blue stripes appear narrower. If one were to
listen to the sound of the tape, (s)he would hear a higher
pitched tone sequence than normal. Again, this is due to the

higher baud rate being used.
While we normally try to give simple concrete examples of

how to implement the protection schemes we're discussing, re-

writting the tape routines is a subject which almost requires а
book in itself, if it is to be done right. Further, 1 haven't
actually done it myself yet апа don't much approve of the
practice, for reasons discussed below. For those wishing to
, Pursue the subject further though, the following guidance should
prove useful;
1. The tape handling routines can be found in the Spectrum
between O4C2(hex) and about O9FO(h». Тһе main entry is at 0605
2. Speeding up the LOADing апа SAVEing process involves
reducing the time delays in the ‘'SA-BYTES' and 'LD-BYTES'
routines. These are established by setting values in the BC
register pair in 8 different locations. Some of these are:

Location Normal 2X speed
0519 42 or 43 1B
OSIF 3E 16 SAVE
052C 2% 09
ete BO E1
ау B2 E3
05CF CB EC LOAD
BO El

etc. (See Logan and O'Hara,"Complete Spectrum ROM

Disassembly")
3. You must relocate the ROM routines to an area іп ВАМ.

All absolute adresses in the routines must be replaced with new
values, which reflect the offset from their original location.
Remember, on the TS2068, the routines are in EXROM. It will
probably prove simpler to just use a modified version of the

LISTING

H

Spectrum routines. in either case.

4. Only save the LOAD part of your new tape handling
routines with your program. This might make it a little tougher
for hackers to use. Тһе really sophisticated ones, of course,
will already have produced simple "compare bytes" programs,
which will look for three or four key bytes of the Sinclair Load
routines, and you would then have to actually write your own
tape subroutines to be more secure. The "compare bytes" logic is
so simple, unfortuneately, that it can be written in BASIC. The
hacker need only select three bytes of the original code, e.g.
the three bytes which normally come before 052C, and search your
BASIC loader for them, in order to find а reference point іп
your hyper loader.

To find, for example, the series of bytes for the code:

Mnemonics which is Hex or Decimal
Ld b,1 06,01 6,1
dec de 1B 27
ret c9 201

А simple BASIC program would be:

10 Clear 31999: LOAD "" CODE 32000,32000

20 FOR i-32000 to 64000

30 IF PEEK 1-6 and PEEK 1+1=1 and PEEK і»2-27 and
PEEK i*3-201 THEN PRINT "Try the code at ";i

40 NEXT i

5. The easiest way to generate a "turbo" is to use the
machine code program which appears-in the May. 1984 issue of
Your Computer Magazine оп page 119. Paul Rhodes article,
entitled "Qiuckload", tells you how to achieve speed increases
of up to 2.5 times normal, as well as how to slow down а save
for even greater reliability. Some of his material is included
here. His program is some 1872 bytes of РОКЕйеіп MC.

5. Consider removing the checks for BREAK key pressed,
which are іп the Timex code. Better yet, add a routine of your
own which causes а spectacular crash, if the break key is
pressed.

If you have successfully implemented your own hyperloader,
only the really dedicated hacker, with access to a disassembler,
will be able to "crack" vour code. As a bonus, the higher
frequencies involved, make it more difficult to copy your
program tape-to-tape, so even hardware copies may not work.

That's not all that may not work, however. 1% is entirely
possible that your new "hyper" tapes may not load, at all, оп

many users machines. Not only will this frustrate, апа
possibly discourage customers, but there is a significant
potential for excessive service calls and complaints. Either

situation is potentially fatal, particularly in the current TS
market. ОҒ course, as mentioned in our review of Interface
Three, last month, there is no defence against a purely hardware
oriented "breaker".

In our next installment, we'll take a look at "headerless
files", another way to confuse the unwary.

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